Professional Nursing Mission Statement Essay Example for Free

professional person treat Mission Statement EssayThis Professional Nursing Mission Statement describes the superiorism a hold back needs to perform excellent cargon in the health environment. The Mission also demonstrates different aspects of nursing and what adjudges ar to look forward to now and into the future.A. Functional DifferencesBoard of Nursing has an authoritive role in nursing. They ar made up of professionals that make up rules so the throw is aware of what is exclusively(prenominal)owed or not permited in their scope of serve. Theses rules may differ from state to state but primarily, their focus is to protect the open from people who practice nursing without the appropriate qualifications. State Board of Nursing has the authority to rescind and reissue licenses. Board of Nursing also decides on penalizing action against a accommodate who has a complaint or lawsuit against them (Villaceran, 2007). The State of Hawaii board of nursing purpose generally claims just the same. It claims that anyone posing as a nurse must utter proof in order to safeguard life and health (Hawaii Revised Statute Chapter 457 Nurses, 2013).A professional nurses organization, or PNO, such as the American Nurses Association for example, was generated to direct a licensed nurse on how to present him or herself in an ethical manner. Although it is not law, it should be practice as a guide to uphold the integrity of the nurse (American Nurses Association, 2001). PNO defines the nurse cypher of Ethics and the Scope of Practice. They also explains what a nurse is and promote professionalism. PNO may be involved with research to improve the quality of forbearing care as sound as be apart of the political decision-making to endorse them (Sauls, 2013).B. Nursing Code ExampleA nursing code of ethics is a good place to start with to guide any nurse to become a large(p) healthcare provider. American Nurses Association, also known as ANA, Code of Ethics gives id eas on how one may want to envision themselves as a value nurse with values. It identifies how a nurse may want to carry themselves in the workplace with quality and good integrity. ANA provision 1 seems to define what a nurse is all about. It describes the nurse as student nurses were taught to be in nursing school. Practicinghuman dignity reenforcements nurses in good standing with the Gallup polls. In 2008, Gallup polls showed that 84% of the people see nurses as the most ethical. This is the highest amongst other occupations (Cherry, 2011). Generating a relationship with the patient is inevitable. Theres no way a nurse can do their excogitate without first establishing a relationship with the patient. The question is, exit a nurse generate a good relationship as oppose to a ill one? To give good care, the nurse and the patient is in need to be on the same page where the patient is made to feel as they are the one in charge of their care.So, if a patient does not feel like g etting up to work with animal(prenominal) therapy the nurse should concession their wishes. Nurses should not force patients to do things the patient does not want to do. The nurse should first advance the patient that it is important to take their daily medications or encourage them to get up for physical therapy, for example. If they continue to refuse, the patient should have the sense of control of their care by not feeling threatened for not absent to take their medication or getting up for physical therapy. But, allowing the patient to set a plan for their day may have the patient more(prenominal) cooperative and less stressed. ANA code of ethics provision 5 is a code that states the nurse owes the same duties as others, including the responsibility to preserve integrity and safety, and observe competence, and to continue personal and professional growth. (American Nurses Association, 2001).Moral self- find is required to carry out this code not only to ones self but to t he patient as well. It is a good start to establish trust. Moral respect should also be practice to the individuals in the interdisciplinary team involved. Moral self-respect is account to keep self-esteem and respect to others. It keeps the feeling of unity in a patients care. Having a good rapport with the interdisciplinary team will keep the all on the same page as far as patient care. With the every changing healthcare systems and updated research, nurses are in constant need to keep up for the sake of keeping the patient up to date with healthcare technology (Amcee, 2003). This requires ongoing classes of not only updated technology but with competency as well. If the interdisciplinary team and peers are aware of this, this will boost trust and respect for the educated nurse.C. Professional traitsThe ANA Code of Ethics discusses many professional traits. Although all are very important and continuously need to be practiced, the professional trait of Collaboration is essential for the interdisciplinary team to practice as well (American Nurses Association, 2001). Collaboration is the job description of any disciplinary team. It is valuable for all individuals to be apart of the care of the patient. Each member of the team gives valuable culture from his or her expertise resulting in a holistic plan of care. Another professional trait the nurse to advocate to the interdisciplinary team is to respect the patients adjust to self-determination while admitted in their care. Every patient needs to be apart of their care and should be able to claim what they want or do not want in their plan of care (American Nurses Association, 2001). This would give the patient a sense of control in their care and their life. Delegation is the third professional trait that is essential to the interdisciplinary team in order to give appropriate and timely care to the patient (American Nurses Association, 2001).The interdisciplinary team all has his or her own unique specialty that will allow the patient to receive individual care they are requiring. Patients put their lives into the reach of the physician everyday. They trust that they will be taken care of as if they were the only patients the physician possesses. The nurses and staff are an extension of the physician. Everyone taking care of patients has an obligation to continue that integrity the patient has already upheld in the physician. This is why provision 5 in the Code of Ethics should be practiced. This fourth professional trait allows the patient the feeling of respect and dignity. This sense will allow them to have faith in the nursing team and the healthcare system that they will have the best care accomplishable (American Nurses Association, 2001).D. Recommended resourceJean Watson established in 1978 the Theory of Human Caring. Watson introduces the 10 carative (or caring) factors that support her theory. They are1. The formation of humanistic-altruistic system of values2. The instill ation of faith-hope3. The cultivation of aesthesia to ones self and to others4. Thedevelopment of a helping-trusting relationship5. The progress and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings6. The systematic use of the scientific problem-solving method of decision making7. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning8. The provision for a supportive, protective, and (or) corrective mental, physical, sociocultural and spiritual environment9. Assistance with the gratification of human needs10. The allowance of existential-phenomenological forces(Nursing Theories, 2012).D1. Theory in Professional PracticesJean Watsons Theory of Human Caring is essential in patient care. Being in the infirmary, away from family and literally laying your life in the hands of a stranger cannot be easy. Human caring and showing compassion and empathy can possibly decrease stress and allow patients to focus on mend and be compliant with their care. If patients feel good about thei r care theyll be more involved with their care. Using the environment of a Skilled Nursing Facility, as an example, where the healing process may take longer than expected, following the 10 caratives in the Theory of Human Caring will not only show quality care but give the patient a pleasant hospital experience for the remainder of their stayE. ContributionsLillian Wald was known for her works in the public health nursing. She believed that the caring for the patient should start before they end up in the clinic. She encouraged the importance of disease prevention and taught health education. She provided well-baby care and enured minor illness in her main clinic named Henry Street Settlement House (Cherry, 2011). Lillian Wald emphasized the significance of prevention. A practice that continues to be reiterated everywhere. As seen in commercials or billboards or even on the radio, prevention is key to a long, healthy lifestyle. When patients leave the hospital, discharge education is vital to making sure they are capable to care for themselves and, hopefully, bring down the numbers of hospital visits.F. ScenarioOne regulation I safeguarded for a patient was respect for autonomy.Sometimes patients are admitted into the hospital for something as simple as daily intravenous antibiotics. They are nonparasitic with all of their activities of daily living. Sometimes these patients are intertwined with other patients in shared rooms. These independent patients, because of their alertness, should be able to be in a private room. These patients are not only of low acuity, but these patients will be happier not existence around sicker patients. Happier patients means good rating for us.On the other hand, there are times when patients are admitted as stable yet confused. The second principle I safeguarded for a patent was non-maleficence. Because these patients are not in control of their thoughts or actions they are required to be supervised more closely than other s. Patients who are at risk of getting hurt by getting out of bed without assistance can cause nurses to be of concerned. These patients can easily be put in a wheelchair and hang out with the nurses at the nurses station for continuous supervision from, not only of the team nurse but, all staff. This would allow more eyes on the patient bringing down the risks of injury. This will also prevent more invasive means like using physical or chemical restraints.

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) of a Simple Pendulum Essay Example for Free

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) of a Simple Pendulum EssayObjectivesTo study the aboveboard benevolent bowel movement (SHM) of a mere(a) pendulum and to investigate the manikin relationship between the shimmy, stop number and speedup, and to investigate how acceleration is related to displacement in a simple sympathetic motion.Apparatus* half metre find out* a light string* pendulum bob* video photographic camera with tripod stand* computer with Motion movie Analysis (MVA) software and Microsoft Excel installedExperimental designFig. 0TheoryFor an object or plurality moving in a simple harmonic motion, the displacement, velocity and acceleration change periodically in both magnitude and direction. The acceleration in particular is always proportional to its displacement from the equilibrium opinion and must always be directed towards the equilibrium point. Mathematically it can be expressed asa = -kx, where k is a constant and x is the displacement from the equilibrium point.Also for a simple harmonic oscillation, the period or frequency of oscillation is independent of the amplitude of the motion.In Figure 1, x is the displacement of the pendulum bob from the equilibrium point Q. Points P and R are points where the maximum displacement (amplitude A) can be seeed. Theoretically, the sideline equatings are true for S.H.M.When the motion starts at the equilibrium plaza (point Q)x = A dark ?t where ? is angular velocityv = ? A cos ?ta = ?2A sin ?tPeriod T = 2 ? / ?Fig. 1When the motion starts at the positionwhere the amplitude is obtained (point P or R)x = A cos ?t where ? is angular velocityv = ? A sin ?ta = ?2A cos ?tPeriod T = 2 ? / ?In theory, the displacement-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time interprets should be in a sine or cosine curve. Moreover, the velocity graph should lead the displacement by a quarter of the cycle (? = 90), and the acceleration graph should lead the velocity by also a quarter of the cycle. This can be ill ustrated by the fig. 2(a), (b) and (c).Fig. 2(a) Graph of displacement x against time (Suppose the motion starts at the point where lower amplitude is obtained)Fig. 2(b) Graph of velocity v against timeFig.2(c) Graph of acceleration a against timeProcedure1. The develop-up was assembled in the following procedures(a) unmatched end of the skip over is clamped firmly on the stand.(b) The ringed mass was attached to the other end of the spring.(c) A half-metre rule was clamped on the stand beside the spring and mass such that the top of the half-metre rule corresponds to the top of the spring. (Refer to Fig. 0)(d) The equilibrium position was tag by a sticker.2. Take readings by using the apparatus in the following procedures(a) Student holding the white foam board (Student A)(i) Hold the white foam board behind the set up so that the movement of the spring system is not disturbed by any other backgrounds.(b) Student conducting the experiment (Student B)(i) Stand beside the set up. Make sure that the spring system at equilibrium is in a steady and stable condition.(ii) When the video taking was on, pull down the spring some distance (e.g. about 5 cm) and set the spring moving.(iii) Make sure the spring is mostly moving in a vertical direction and not swinging to and fro.(iv) After a some oscillations, ask student C to stop the video.(c) Student conducting the video-taking (Student C)(i) Set up the video camera and fix it on the tripod stand firmly.(ii) Adjust the position of the camera so that the spring system and the movement of the spring is shown clearly.(iii) Watch out for Student B to start or stop the video-taking.3. Convert the video into qualified format.4. Use the MVA software to record the positions and times for 2 complete oscillations of the mass. Save the project and export the data to a text file.5. Use Microsoft Excel to pay the exported files and plot the graphs for displacement, velocity and acceleration against time respectively. Also pl ot a graph of acceleration against time.Results and Measurements(Copied from the data of MVA software)Values of velocity is found by the equation (x2-x1)/(t2/t1),whereas x1=-7.54E-02 x2= -4.08E-02, t1=0.00E+00 ,t2=6.67E-02Values of acceleration is found by the equation (v2-v1)/(t2-t1)Whereas v1= -1.30E-02,v2= 5.20E-01, t1=0.00E+00 ,t2=6.67E-02E+00= 100=1 E-01=10-1 E-02=10-2 E-03=10-3(See the bolded ones as reference)BR/-IndexTime(s)x-coordinate(displacement in x-direction)/my-coordinate(displacement in y-direction)/mVelocity(v)/ms-1Acceleration(a)ms-2BR /0.00E+00-5.80E+000.00E+000.00E+00BR /1.00E+000.00E+00-7.54E-021.02E-02-1.30E-02BR /2.00E+006.67E-02-4.08E-020.00E+005.20E-017.99E+00BR /3.00E+001.33E-01-1.63E-020.00E+003.67E-01-2.29E+00BR /4.00E+002.00E-011.43E-02-2.04E-034.59E-011.38E+00BR /5.00E+002.67E-013.87E-02-4.08E-033.67E-01-1.38E+00BR /6.00E+003.33E-016.73E-02-4.08E-034.28E-019.17E-01BR /7.00E+004.00E-018.97E-02-4.08E-033.36E-01-1.38E+00BR /8.00E+004.67E-011.08E-01-8.15E-0 32.75E-01-9.17E-01BR /9.00E+005.33E-011.30E-01-4.08E-033.36E-019.17E-01BR /1.00E+016.00E-011.45E-01-6.11E-032.14E-01-1.83E+00BR /1.10E+016.67E-011.57E-01-6.11E-031.83E-01-4.59E-01BR /1.20E+017.33E-011.57E-01-8.15E-030.00E+00-2.75E+00BR /1.30E+018.00E-011.63E-01-1.02E-029.17E-021.38E+00BR /1.40E+018.67E-011.57E-01-1.02E-02-9.17E-02-2.75E+00BR /1.50E+019.33E-011.53E-01-1.02E-02-6.11E-024.59E-01BR /1.60E+011.00E+001.39E-01-1.02E-02-2.14E-01-2.29E+00BR /1.70E+011.07E+001.22E-01-8.15E-03-2.45E-01-4.59E-01BR /1.80E+011.13E+001.04E-01-1.02E-02-2.75E-01-4.59E-01BR /1.90E+011.20E+008.56E-02-6.11E-03-2.75E-016.64E-06BR /2.00E+011.27E+006.11E-02-2.04E-03-3.67E-01-1.38E+00BR /2.10E+011.33E+003.87E-022.04E-03-3.36E-014.59E-01BR /2.20E+011.40E+008.15E-03-2.04E-03-4.59E-01-1.83E+00BR /2.30E+011.47E+00-1.63E-020.00E+00-3.67E-011.38E+00BR /2.40E+011.53E+00-4.69E-022.04E-03-4.59E-01-1.38E+00BR /2.50E+011.60E+00-8.36E-028.15E-03-5.50E-01-1.38E+00BR /2.60E+011.67E+00-1.08E-011.43E-02-3.67E-012.75E+00BR /2.70E+011.73E+00-1.32E-011.63E-02-3.67E-01-7.58E-06BR /2.80E+011.80E+00-1.59E-011.63E-02-3.97E-01-4.59E-01BR /2.90E+011.87E+00-1.81E-011.83E-02-3.36E-019.17E-01BR /3.00E+011.93E+00-2.02E-012.04E-02-3.06E-014.59E-01BR /3.10E+012.00E+00-2.26E-012.65E-02-3.67E-01-9.17E-01BR /3.20E+012.07E+00-2.41E-012.85E-02-2.14E-012.29E+00BR /3.30E+012.13E+00-2.47E-012.85E-02-9.17E-021.83E+00BR /3.40E+012.20E+00-2.59E-013.06E-02-1.83E-01-1.38E+00BR /3.50E+012.27E+00-2.65E-013.06E-02-9.17E-021.38E+00BR /3.60E+012.33E+00-2.71E-013.06E-02-9.17E-021.86E-07BR /3.70E+012.40E+00-2.55E-013.06E-022.45E-015.04E+00BR /3.80E+012.47E+00-2.43E-012.85E-021.83E-01-9.17E-01BR /3.90E+012.53E+00-2.32E-012.85E-021.53E-01-4.59E-01BR /4.00E+012.60E+00-2.20E-012.65E-021.83E-014.59E-01BR /4.10E+012.67E+00-1.98E-012.45E-023.36E-012.29E+00BR /4.20E+012.73E+00-1.79E-012.24E-022.75E-01-9.17E-01BR /4.30E+012.80E+00-1.57E-012.24E-023.36E-019.17E-01BR /4.40E+012.87E+00-1.30E-011.83E-023.97E-019.17E-01BR /4.50E+012.93E+00-1.06E-0 11.22E-023.67E-01-4.59E-01BR /4.60E+013.00E+00-8.36E-021.02E-023.36E-01-4.59E-01BR /4.70E+013.07E+00-4.28E-026.11E-036.11E-014.13E+00BR /4.80E+013.13E+00-1.83E-026.11E-033.67E-01-3.67E+00BR /4.90E+013.20E+001.43E-024.08E-034.89E-011.83E+00BR /5.00E+013.27E+003.87E-022.04E-033.67E-01-1.83E+00BR /5.10E+013.33E+006.93E-02-4.08E-034.59E-011.38E+00BR /5.20E+013.40E+009.17E-02-2.04E-033.36E-01-1.83E+00BR /5.30E+013.47E+001.14E-01-2.04E-033.36E-019.00E-07BR /5.40E+013.53E+001.32E-01-2.04E-032.75E-01-9.17E-01BR /5.50E+013.60E+001.43E-01-4.08E-031.53E-01-1.83E+00BR /5.60E+013.67E+001.53E-01-4.08E-031.53E-012.12E-14BR /5.70E+013.73E+001.63E-01-4.08E-031.53E-011.19E-06BR /5.80E+013.80E+001.55E-01-4.08E-03-1.22E-01-4.13E+00BR /5.90E+013.87E+001.47E-01-4.08E-03-1.22E-011.21E-14BR /6.00E+013.93E+001.41E-01-6.11E-03-9.17E-024.59E-01BR /6.10E+014.00E+001.35E-01-6.11E-03-9.17E-02-1.86E-07BR /6.20E+014.07E+001.26E-01-6.11E-03-1.22E-01-4.59E-01BR /6.30E+014.13E+001.08E-010.00E+00-2.75E-01-2.29E+00BR / 6.40E+014.20E+008.56E-02-4.08E-03-3.36E-01-9.17E-01BR /6.50E+014.27E+006.11E-02-4.08E-03-3.67E-01-4.59E-01BR /6.60E+014.33E+003.26E-02-2.04E-03-4.28E-01-9.17E-01BR /6.70E+014.40E+006.11E-032.04E-03-3.97E-014.59E-01BR /6.80E+014.47E+00-2.65E-022.04E-03-4.89E-01-1.38E+00BR /6.90E+014.53E+00-5.30E-028.15E-03-3.97E-011.38E+00BR /7.00E+014.60E+00-8.36E-028.15E-03-4.59E-01-9.17E-01BR /7.10E+014.67E+00-1.10E-018.15E-03-3.97E-019.17E-01BR /7.20E+014.73E+00-1.43E-011.83E-02-4.89E-01-1.38E+00BR /7.30E+014.80E+00-1.59E-011.43E-02-2.45E-013.67E+00BR /7.40E+014.87E+00-1.88E-012.04E-02-4.28E-01-2.75E+00BR /7.50E+014.93E+00-2.06E-012.04E-02-2.75E-012.29E+00BR /7.60E+015.00E+00-2.16E-012.04E-02-1.53E-011.83E+00BR /7.70E+015.07E+00-2.38E-012.65E-02-3.36E-01-2.75E+00BR /7.80E+015.13E+00-2.49E-012.85E-02-1.53E-012.75E+00BR /7.90E+015.20E+00-2.55E-012.85E-02-9.17E-029.17E-01BR /8.00E+015.27E+00-2.59E-012.85E-02-6.11E-024.59E-01BR /8.10E+015.33E+00-2.57E-012.85E-023.06E-021.38E+00BR /8.20E+015.40E+00-2. 51E-012.85E-029.17E-029.17E-01BR /8.30E+015.47E+00-2.43E-013.06E-021.22E-014.59E-01BR /8.40E+015.53E+00-2.30E-012.65E-021.83E-019.17E-01BR /8.50E+015.60E+00-2.16E-012.65E-022.14E-014.59E-01BR /8.60E+015.67E+00-1.96E-012.65E-023.06E-011.38E+00BR /8.70E+015.73E+00-1.71E-012.24E-023.67E-019.17E-01BR /8.80E+015.80E+00-1.63E-012.04E-021.22E-01-3.67E+00BR /8.90E+015.87E+00-1.22E-011.63E-026.11E-017.34E+00BR /9.00E+015.93E+00-9.78E-021.22E-023.67E-01-3.67E+00Experimental results in graphical representationAnalysis(a) Shape of displacement-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time graphsFrom the experimental results and the graphs plotted above, it appears clearly that the displacement-time, velocity-time are in the form of sine and cosine curves respectively. For acceleration-time, out-of-pocket to errors in marking, whitethorn not appear as clear as sine curves. It can be seen more clearly after drawing a trend line.(b) Value of amplitude A and ?it can be read from the graph of x against time that the amplitude is within the range of 0.15-0.25m.Also, read from the graph, ?3.0s(c) The phase relationship between the displacement, velocity and accelerationBy comparing the graphs of displacement-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time, it can be seen that the velocity leads the displacement by a quarter of the cycle, and the acceleration leads the velocity also by a quarter of the cycle.(d) The relationship between acceleration and displacement in a simple harmonic motionFrom the graph of acceleration against displacement x, the points tend to form a straight line going through the origin with a negative slope. It can be deduced that acceleration is at once proportional to displacement in a simple harmonic motion and is in an opposite direction to x.Error and AccuracyErrorsSystematic Errorrandom ErrorThe motion of the spring system is not entirely vertical.The half-metre rule is not clamped vertically.The origin is not marked very accurately in the MVA software.The 2 ends of the half-metre rule are not marked accurately in the MVA software.The position of mass marked for each time interval may not be the same for all time intervals.There may be a damping effect by transmit resistance.The spring may not be short elastic(1) The motion of the spring system is not entirely verticalNo matter how carefully we set the motion off, the spring may not be moving vertically all throughout the motion. It may swing to and fro instead, hence the motion may not be entirely a simple harmonic motion, cause deviations in displacement obtained.(2) The half-metre rule is not clamped verticallyThe half-metre rule is not entirely vertical, so the marked points on the MVA software do not indicate an actual distance of 0.5 m. As the MVA software requires the setting of the end points of the half-metre rule as a reference to locate the displacement, the displacement at each time interval does not reflect the true value of the displacement.(3) The origin is not mark ed very accurately in the MVA softwareThe inaccuracy of the center on of mass marked in the MVA software will result in the shifting up or down of the graphs of displacement, velocity and acceleration against time.(4) The two ends of the half-metre rule are not marked accurately in the MVA softwareAs the two ends of the half-metre rule may not be marked accurately in the MVA software, the distance marked may not be exactly 0.5 m. Same as error (2), as the MVA software requires the setting of the end points of the half-metre rule as a reference to locate the displacement, the displacement at each time interval does not reflect the true value of the displacement.(5) The position of mass marked for each time interval may not be the same for all time intervalsIt is difficult to locate the mass at the same position for each time interval, therefore the displacement obtained is not accurate for each time interval.(6) There may be a damping effect by air resistanceAir resistance exists, h ence a damping force acts on the mass in motion, resulting in smaller and smaller amplitude obtained and also causing deviations in displacement.(7) The spring may not be perfectly elasticAs the spring provided may not be perfect, the whole motion may not be entirely a simple harmonic motion. The graphs obtained from the experimental results may not truly reflect the characteristics of a simple harmonic motion. terminationThe velocity leads the displacement by a quarter of the cycle, and the acceleration leads the velocity also by a quarter of the cycle.Also, the acceleration is directly proportional to displacement in a simple harmonic motion and is in an opposite direction to x.Possible improvements of the experiment1. A heavier mass could be used to obtain a smoother motion.2. If possible, more trials can be done to average out the random errors and obtain a better result.

Plato’s “Myth of Metals” and Aristotle’s Analysis of Happiness Essay Example for Free

Platos falsehood of Metals and Aristotles Analysis of Happiness EssayAccording to The Oxford American College Dictionary, the term happiness is defined as the state of being satisfied or the state of having a sense of confidence in or satisfaction with asituation (Lindberg 609). In their treatises on politics and the governance of man, Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato address the correlation between the concept of happiness, the establishment and management of a society, and the genetic predisposition of man. This paper will oppose the checking concepts discussed in Aristotles Ethics and Platos The Myth of The Metals from The Republic 1. ) Mans abilities and vocation are based on/determined by biology (genetic predisposition), and those predispositions form inherent divisions or classes, which help to organize a companionship/society/nation 2. ) Man can achieve happiness if he or she fulfills/ actions his/her pre-determined role the role for which he or she is natural ly suited and that others should encourage and breeding 3. ) Man must serve his community/society/nation, which prepares him for his natural role, and that service will overly provide man with happiness or a sense of satisfaction. Plato and Aristotle describe biology as a factor in mans choice of duty. Both philosophers note that vocation is determined by ability, and that ability is the result of genetics. This includes those who govern or rule others. In The Myth of The Metals chapter of The Republic, Plato states that each man (woman and child) receives a particular metal mixture at birth, and that the metal received determines a individuals skill set and locate in life.Plato says, in fashioning those among you who are competent to rule, mixed gold into them at their birth, whereby they are the most precious, and silver into the auxiliaries and iron and bronze into the farmers and the other craftsmen (107). In other words, the traits or characteristics of any person determin e what that person will do with his or her life. Additionally, the person who governs or leads others has unique, unusual qualities that most other pile dont have qualities that are innate to that person.In Ethics, Aristotle too discusses mans biological traits as a determinant of his or her profession and classification in society. Aristotle says, from natural causes that some beings command and others obey for a being who is endowed with a mind capable of reflection and forethought is by nature the superior and governor, whereas he whose excellence is merely corporeal is formed to be a slave (1252). Thus, like Plato, Aristotle believes that each man is born to perform certain roles, roles for which each person has a genetic predisposition or natural ability.That ability automatically separates a person from others based on the hypothesise or way that person earns his or her living. For example, educators and physicians will associate with other professionals while custodians an d other blue collar workers will form other associations. Plato in any case discusses the need to nurture a persons natural talents, regardless of family jeopardizeground or origin because those talents will bring a person the highest aim of satisfaction and happiness.He states, you will mostly beget children like yourselves, solely it is possible that a silver child should be born of gold, or a golden child born of silver, and so all the rest from one anotherIf their own offspring are born alloyed with bronze or iron, they will assign it the grade appropriate to its nature and thrust it out among craftsmen and farmers without pity (107). Thus, parents, teachers, other community stakeholders and society in general must nurture theinnate abilities of others, especially youth. Aristotle too describes the necessity of accepting the natural differences that exists between people and safeguarding the skills of each person. By developing various(prenominal) talents, not only does the individual benefit, but society does as well. Aristotle notes, Why is it also necessary that, without exception, the one should govern, the other always be governed?it is evident then that both parties ought to be spotless but there is a difference between them, as there is between those who by nature command and who by nature obey, and this originates in the mind for in this nature has planted the governing and submitting principleand that those who enjoy the best government will live the most happily according to their circumstances (1260). other commonality in the messages of Plato and Aristotle is discussion of mans need to provide service to his fellow man. Plato speaks of the responsibility that a person has not only to himself/herself, but to family and the community-at-large.He also notes that importance of giving back for the nurturing and kindness that others in society provide. Plato states, we reared and educated them, being formed and nurtured within the earththey m ust now take focussing for the defense of their country as a mother and nurse, if anyone comes against it, and consider the rest of their fellow citizens as brothers (107). Mans service to others is service to a community/nation, and the provision of that service is a form of happiness. Aristotle also describes how service to others, and that includes participation in the governance of others, is a source of happiness.He states, It follows that happiness consists of virtuous activity, and that both with respect to the community as well as the individual an active life is the happiestfor virtuous activity has an end, therefore is something practical nay, those who contrive the plan which others follow are more particularly said to act (1360). In other words, positive behavior acts provide happiness to the person that commits them and to other members of the community. Service also provides a foundation for government. In conclusion, Platos and Aristotles works address the relationsh ip between genetics, profession and individual happiness.Both writers express that each person has innate talents and characteristics. Those talents should be nurtured and encouraged by others. Those talents help to determine a persons career choices and provide a natural classification system in society. Those characteristics also affect whether a person will participate in the governance of others and the type of government that is established. Ultimately, if a person utilizes his or her talents and gives back to the community, that person will locate true happiness a happiness that others can share. ?

Study On The Waterfall Model Information Technology Essay

Study On The Waterfall Model Information Technology showThe waterfall model, documented in 1970 by Royce was the first public documented life cycle model. The waterfall model is a popular version of the governances phylogenesis life cycle model for softw atomic number 18 engineering. The waterfall model describes a development method that is linear and sequential. Waterfall development has distinct goals for each frame of development.Because the life cycle steps are described in very general terms, the models are adaptable and their implementation details will vary among contrary organizations. The spiral model is the most general. There is various software development approaches defined and designed which are used during development process of software, these approaches are too referred as Software Development accomplish Models. Each process model follows a particular life cycle in order to ensure advantage in process of software development.One such process used in Softwar e Development is The Waterfall Model. Waterfall model was first Process Model to be introduced and followed widely in Software Engineering to ensure success of the project. In The Waterfall model, the whole process of software development is separate into separate process manakins. The phases in Waterfall model are Requirement Specifications phase, Software Design, Implementation and Testing Maintenance. All these phases are cascaded to each other so that second phase is started as and when defined set of goals are achieved for first phase and it is signed off, so the name Waterfall Model.The real flow of waterfall modelThe stand fors of The Waterfall Model areRequirement Analysis DefinitionRequirements are set of functionalities and constraints that the end-user (who will be using the system) expects from the system. The requirements are gathered from the end-user by consultation, these requirements are analyzed for their validity and the possibility of incorporating the requi rements in the system to be development is also studied. Finally, a Requirement Specification document is induced which serves the purpose of guideline for the next phase of the model. strategy Software DesignBefore a starting for actual coding, it is highly important to understand what we are going to create and what it should look like? The requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this phase and system design is prepared. System Design helps in specifying ironware and system requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture. The system design specifications serve as input for the next phase of the model.Implementation unit of measurement TestingOn receiving system design documents, the work is divided in modules/units and actual coding is started. The system is first developed in small programs called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed and tested for its functionality this is referred to as Unit Testing. Unit testing mainly verifies if the modules/units meet their specifications.Integration System TestingAs specified above, the system is first divided in units which are developed and tested for their functionalities. These units are integrated into a complete system during Integration phase and tested to check if all modules/units coordinate between each other and the system as a whole behaves as per the specifications. after(prenominal) successfully testing the software, it is delivered to the customer.Operations MaintenanceThis phase of The Waterfall Model is virtually never ending phase (Very long). Generally, problems with the system developed (which are not found during the development life cycle) come up after its practical use starts, so the issues related to the system are solved after deployment of the system. not all the problems come in picture directly but they arise time to time and needs to be solved hence this process is referred as Maintenance.There are some advan tages of the Waterfall Model.The advantage of waterfall development is that it allows for departmentalization and managerial control.A schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can proceed through the development process like a car in a carwash, and theoretically, be delivered on time.Development moves from concept, through design, implementation, testing, installation, troubleshooting, and ends up at operation and maintenance.There are some disadvantages of the Waterfall Model.As it is very important to gather all manageable requirements during the requirement gathering and analysis phase in order to properly design the system, not all requirements are received at once, the requirements from customer goes on getting added to the list even after the end of Requirement Gathering and Analysis phase, this affects the system development process and its success in negative aspects.The problems with one and only(a) phase are never solved completely d uring that phase and in fact many problems regarding a particular phase arise after the phase is signed off, these results in badly structured system as not all the problems (related to a phase) are solved during the same phase.The project is not partitioned in phases in flexible way.As the requirements of the customer goes on getting added to the list, not all the requirements are fulfilled, this results in development of almost unusable system. These requirements are indeed met in newer version of the system this increases the cost of system development.

Identification of Unknown Compound using 13C NMR

Identification of Unknown Compound using 13C NMRIdentification of Unknown Compound 15 using 13C NMR and IR Spectra paired with Melting Point AnalysisAbstractGiven an undiagnosed fuse, infrargond (IR) spectrum analysis disregard be apply to determine the functional groups that make up the compound. This can be supplemented with 13C NMR spectroscopy and melting commove analysis to determine the identity of the strange compound. After completion of the analysis methods, it was determined that the identity of the unbeknown(predicate) compound (unknown 15) is p-Methylaniline (p-Toluidine), C7H9N (Figure 1).Introduction Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is extensively used instrumental proficiency in organic chemistry.It is the measurement of the wavelength and intensity of the absorption of mid-infrared fairylike by a sample. Mid-infrared is energetic enough to excite molecular vibrations to higher energy levels. The wavelength of infrared absorption bands is characteristic of specifi c types of chemical bonds, and infrared spectroscopy finds its greatest utility for identification of functional groups within organic molecules (1). An infrared spectrophotometer is an instrument that passes infrared light through an organic molecule and produces a spectrum that contains a plot of the amount of light transmitted on the vertical axis against the wavelength of infrared radiation on the horizontal axis. In infrared spectra the absorption peaks point downward because the vertical axis is the percentage transmittance of the radiation through the sample (2).Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) can be used to complement IR spectroscopy. While IR can determine functional groups, NMR can determine the molecular structure. Finding the melting point of the unknown can help to determine the purity of the compound.ResultsIR DataFunctional GroupMolecular MotionObserved Wavenumber (cm-1)Literature Value guide1-3 (cm-1)Peak bulkPeak ShapeN-HStretch3333.853335WeakSharpC- HStretch2914.732780WeakSharpC=CStretch1621.281600-1430MediumSharpC-HBending(in plane)1274.331275-1000Medium assign13C NMR DataAtomAtom GroupPeak Observed (ppm)Peak Calculated (ppm)1C-N1441442 and 6CH one hundred fifteen115.23 and 5CH130129.604C=C127126.77CH32121.26Melting Point DataObserved Melting Point Range (C)Literature Melting Point Range4 (C)Trial 144-4744-45Trial 2 44-45DiscussionThe IR analysis of the unknown compound 15 determined that it consists of a benzene ring, amino and methyl groups. According to the referred literature (3) values of 3335-3400 range for stretches are evident which indicates primary amines. The spectrum shows primary amines stretch at 3333.85 Next can be noticed that CH stretches from the benzene ring occur at 3014.65 and 2914.73. C=C stretches are known to occur at the 1600-1430 according to literature, and in this spectra are illustrated at 1621.28 At 1274.33C-H bend is evident. This spectrum correlates well with literature values which confirms s uccessful identification of p-methylaniline.The melting point analysis was used to determine the purity of the unknown sample. The literature values for p-methylaniline range from 44-45C (4) and the observed melting point values were 44-47C for trial 1 and 44-45C for trial 2. The trial 1 has a higher melting point compare to the literature values. This could be due to the amount of sample placed in the capillary tubes as well as the purity of the sample (4). Because trial 1 has such a large range, the sample may not be pure.The results from the 13C NMR showed that compound contained summetry. deuce peaks of the same height were observed at about 115 and 130ppm and two other peaks at 144 and 127ppm. According to the literature values aromatic carbons expect between 120-160ppm (3), which helped to determine that this compound contains a benzene ring. It was noted as well that one other peak appeared much further downfield at 21ppm. Using an NMR predictor, the peaks for p-methylanilin e were calculated to be 144, 115.2, 129.60, 126.7 and 21.26 ppm, which match the observed peaks.ConclusionAfter performing IR spectroscopy, melting point and 13C NMR analysis, it was found that unknown compound 15 is p-methylaniline. P-methylaniline contains a benzene ring, methyl and amine groups in a p- position. Based on slight deviations in the melting point, the sample could give birth some impurities. An error could be improper loading of the sample in the capillary tube. So to avoid this chemical error, a better laboratory technique could be used.ReferencesIR SpectroscopyMohrig J.R. et al. Techniques in Organic Chemistry 2nd Ed.2. Skoog, D. A., Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 3rd EdStawikowski, M. Experiment 2 Identification of unknown compound based on IR spectroscopy, melting point analysis and supplemental 13C NMR spectroscopy data BlackBoardSmiley RA (2000). Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. magic trick Wiley and Sons.

Deregulation Of Downstream Oil And Gas

deregulating Of Downstream Oil And GasIt is largely assumed by Nigerians that the organisation pursuit in the focusing and ownership structure of the refineries and logistics infrastructures is the ca enforce of the numerous problems associated with the downstream rock crude and fumble exertion. Thus, the judicature economic rectifys by federal agency of deregulating policy was open in 2003 to revive the ailing industry. This dissertation seeks to examine the deregulating of the downstream oil color and artillery industry in Nigeria, a strategic management perspective of the effects, challenges and prospects. The objective of this survey is to have both theoretical and practical knowlight-emitting diodege contribution on deregulation.This distinguish down theoretical framework is embedded in three literatures deregulation, strategic management and competitive forces. These three perspective argon used in assemble to assess the emerging effects, challenges and pro spects that the industry has on the changing strategic landscape of the deregulation exercise. The literature for this perspective, competitive forces and innovation management were reviewed The reason for this perspective is that the competitive forces provides the understanding of the industry structure and the interactions amongst competitors, date innovative management is to understand the industry processes and capabilities. By summarizing and integrating these viewpoints formed a hypothesized understanding that reflected the effects, challenges and prospects of deregulation.In order to obtain an empirical analysis of the airfield a social constructed research methodology that is based on quantitative and qualitative method were argued for. A non-probability sample approach with a dichotomous hesitancynaire of (YES/NO) was self-administered in three adduces Abuja, Lagos and Port Harcourt to re set up the three geographical areas in Nigeria, the target population of fifty persons from each state was chosen using purposive sample method. Furthermore, an open-ended questionnaire were self-administered on two managers from Forth Oil, One Manager from Oando Plc and One Manger from Total Plc. The managers views were sort in order have industry professionals faith on the deregulation of the downstream oil and fuck up industry.The data collected were analysed with the use of SPSS to determine the effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation of the downstream industry. A Porters five poser was overly utilised to analyse the competitiveness in the industry. The dissolvent of the analysis shows how firms within the downstream oil and gas industry have changed and responded towards deregulation. It further shows how the previous regulate regime of the downstream oil and gas industry has been transformed to be fall more competitive and market driven. The analysed result shows a slim margin among the (yes/no) responses on the effects and challeng es of deregulation, while there was a significant margin on the response in favour of the prospects and opportunities of downstream oil and gas deregulation. Overall, the result shows that many Nigerians are in support that deregulation will deliver involveive effects, reduce the challenges in in the industry and in like manner create breach prospects and opportunities.The study findings indicates that the downstream oil and gas industry is not fully de modulate to enable market forces of demand and provide to determine product price, rather presidential term have been fixing petroleum product prices. Most of the industry challenges are still persistent, like fuel scarcity, corruption, smuggling, and ineffective refinery. Thus, the expected benefit as promised by the government is even to be achieved. However, based on the overall response of the respondent, this study can infer that many Nigerians support the government deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry.CHA PTER ONE1 INTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUNDThe advent of deregulation reform dates back to 1973 after the first oil shock experience, which led to a decline in the economic growth of most developed economies Nordhaus, Houthakker and Sachs (1980) Sachs (1982) and labour productiveness growth Baily, Gordon, Solow (1981). Further to the mid-seventies productivity decline, a wide compass of policy responses, including economic deregulation were introduced. The inception of deregulation reform was initiated in the US Winston (1998) Morgan (2004), while the UK and other developed economies followed in the earlier 1980s Pera, (1988) Healey (1990) Matthews, Minford, Nickell and Helpman (1987). The reform was to a fault copied by the new democracies and many developing countries in the 1990s leading to wide range of labour, capital and product market reforms. This was the scenario that prevailed throughout the early 21st century Wolfl, Wanner, Kozluk and Nicoletti (2009) until the global economic and financial crisis determined the credibility of relaxing economic growth.Like many other developing countries that copied the market reform, Nigeria being a growing economy with an amplify in demand for commodities such as petroleum products Nwokeji (2007) meeting the supply needs remains a openhanded challenge imputable to frequent breakdown of the refineries and over-reliance on importation. Although prior to 1960s the downstream oil and gas sector was initially market driven with the appliance of demand and supply determining product price Funsho (2004). The scattering and marketing of petroleum product was virtually swearled by the multi field of study oil and gas companies denim (2012). This was the situation before the government decided to harmonise petroleum products by way of uniform pricing in 1973 to abet even distribution of products across the nation Christopher and Adepoju (2012). In furtherance to the uniform price policy and also tackle the personify dif ferential problem associated with the delivery of products to every part of the country, the government established the Petroleum Equalization Fund (PEF) Oluwole (2004).The participation of government in the management and ownership structure of the downstream sector culminated to a set regime Olumide (2011). The moment of the policy shift by the government on the economy was characterized by acute product scarcity, hoarding, smuggling, adulteration great queues, inappropriate pricing, under funding and noncompetitive practices. This were the main features of the supply and distribution process of the downstream oil and gas industry Funsho (2004). The unhealthy development de fuck offd to poor performance of the nation refineries, which resulted in profuse dependence on imports Christopher and Adepoju (2012). Thus, the economic reforms of the government became imperative towards reviving the ailing downstream sector by way of deregulation Okafor(2004).The deregulation of the se ctor as implemented in 2003 implies removal of restrictions on the establishment of refineries, jetties and depots. It also involves granting salve access to clubby sector participation in the importation of petroleum products and also allowing the demand and supply mechanism to determine price including also the government total removal of control on product prices Oluwole (2004). Furthermore, the objective is meant to achieve rhythmical supply of petroleum products at reasonable price, maintaining self-sufficiency in refining, employment generation for Nigerians, growth in foreign investment and general economic growth. Onyishi, Emeh, and Ikechukwu (2012). other major benefits are as indicated in figure 1 belowFigure BENEFITS OF deregulation OF DOWNSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTORRemoval of indemnity burdenGovernment refocus to segment regulatorCompetition on and a level play field to attract new entrantDEREGULATIONIncreased efficiency by renovation providersEliminate sharp practi ces that exploit subsidy regimeFrom the foregoing many years have passed after deregulation, so far the aforementioned problems still persist, refineries continue to operate below installed capacity Oladele (1997). Efficient transport system for product distribution is lacking while pipeline are still vandalized. The expected government responses by private sector investment in establishing new refineries after many years of issuance of licence is yet to be actuallyized. This scenario is in contrast to the objective of deregulation as commenced in the USA in the 1970s which was to create competition, enhance industry efficiency and fasten competitive prices DME (2007) Hicks (2004).Improving efficiency in the industry implies product availability, proper functioning of the distribution networks, availability of storage facilities and depots to avoid scarcity of products and to ensure unremitting supply of products to force down price. However with the lack of these facilities th e intending benefit from deregulation of the downstream oil and gas sector by the Nigerian populace becomes defeated. The question now is why should government proceed with deregulation policy? Thus, this dissertation seeks to examine a strategic management perspective of the effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry in Nigeria. The theoretical framework of this study dwells on three literature reviews deregulation, strategic management and competitive forces. This three perspectives are apply to assess the emerging effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation exercise in the oil and gas industry. The study analyses the literature for this perspectives, competitive forces and innovation management in the context of deregulation.1.2 draw a bead on OF THE STUDYThe purpose of this study is to appraise the deregulation exercise that was carried out in the Nigerian downstream oil and gas industry. The circumstantial aim of th is study are as follows To examine the implementation of deregulation policy in the downstream oil and gas industry in order to determine the effects, challenges and prospects. This study is also aimed to explore if deregulation has actually yielded the desired result in terms of the forces of demand and supply determining prices of product. This study further uses the Porters five model to establish if effective strategic management (innovative management and competitive forces) can achieve a sustained competitive advantage among industry competitors in the deregulated regime.1.2 relevance OF THE STUDYThis study is relevant in many ways apart from the downstream sector importance in Nigeria economic stability other relevance includes the following As already stated, this study would use a Porters five competitive forces to analyse the attractiveness of the industry. This will tell us of the impact of deregulation on new entrants, competitive rivalry, buyers bargaining powers, su ppliers power, products prices, product supply and distribution. The study would conduct a survey to know the feelings of Nigerians on the effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation of the downstream industry. The study would also contribute to existing literature on deregulation thereby providing insight of current developments in the downstream oil and gas industry in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study would also serve as an important tool for students, academia, institutions and individuals to consult for knowledge on deregulation of the downstream sector of the Nigerian oil and gas industry.1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONSIn finding out the effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation of downstream oil and gas industry in Nigeria, this study answers three questions How can government remedy the implementation of the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry to achieve the actual policy objective? In what way can government encourage the private sector to fully participate in the downstream oil and gas deregulation exercise? What informed the government deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry and if it is the only solution in an economic environment such as Nigeria?1.4 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDYThis study contains six chapters. The first chapter is the initiation and background of the study, the purpose of the research, significance of the study, the objectives of the study, the research questions, this would guide the study. Chapter two would present the literature review on the subject matter. Chapter three gives the theoretical framework of the study. The methodology to be adopted in the study would be stated in chapter four. Chapter five focuses on the presentation of data, analysis of collected data, findings and discussion of results. The last chapter which is chapter six, would present the conclusion and appropriate recommendations.CHAPTER TWO2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWMany existing literature have argued on different perspect ives and motives for the government deregulation of the oil and gas sector in Nigeria yielding different opinions from two school of thought. The opposing and the supporting group respectively. Those supporting deregulation argue that deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry would actualize government move to eradicate fuel scarcity and ensure constant fuel supply across the country Funsho (2004). Similarly, deregulation of the industry would create inflow of foreign investment while persistent smuggling of petroleum products and inefficiencies in the sector will be eliminated Oluwole (2004). They also posit that Nigeria has the lowest price of petroleum products in the world and with deregulation the international market equilibrium would allow government to channel funds to other sectors of the economy. Furthermore, they argued that it would break the monopoly enjoyed by the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) Okafor (2004). essentially, deregulation would le ad to uninterrupted operation of the refineries, it would also guarantee steady supply by modify stakeholders and independent marketers to participate in product importation and marketing Enemoh (2004). Their view is also that the regulated regime by way of subsidy is a way of government en overflowinging few Nigerian petroleum products marketers Oluwole (2004). Findings from Abu (2012) indicates that Nigerians believes deregulation and privatization will usher in sustainable development and would be a blessing rather than a course. Odey (2011) recommends the complete deregulation of the downstream sector to reduce corruption, inaccurate record keeping, inefficiency, smuggling and insufficient product supply. Jean (2012) suggested that making deregulation work involves providing an enabling environment and framework for efficient production, supply and distribution. Braide (2003) recommends that the usual business as usual in the NNPC by way of product importation and distribution is disadvantageous because it represents a wrong step for government to continue with instead government should fully deregulate the downstream oil and gas sector.From the opposing group came the lean that the Nigeria petroleum industry must not be deregulated completely, instead government should maintain the status quo and restructure the sector to improve efficiency for the overall national hobby. They opined that the root cause and clamour for deregulation is because of the massive corruption in the sector and therefore should be tackled rather than embarking on deregulation. They further argued that deregulation helps increase profit margin for the importers, amuseingly this is the position of the labour union and the organized civil society. Furthermore, Amana and Amana (2011) asserts that the fair distribution of economic benefits derived from petroleum has proven elusive and therefore predicts corresponding for deregulation. Ibanga (2011) argued that removal of subsid y may cause dislocation to the gas price because of gamy demand and inadequate supply. Bafor (2001) doubted government sustaining the gain of deregulation callable to the undue interference in NNPC affair resulting to near collapse and dismal performance which encouraged the clamour for the privatisation and deregulation.According to Kikeri and Nellis (2004) they argued that deregulation processes and institutions must be feature with appropriate competition policies and regulative frameworks without which the gains of deregulation can be eroded by harsh impact on consumers and the overall economy affected due to inadequate product supply. Matthew and Fidelis (2003) opined that the merit of deregulation can only be enjoyed by Nigerians if only they could be genuine attention to eliminating corruption in the sector. Adagba, Ugwu and Eme (2012) posits that government is merely taxing the poor to subsidise the life of the rich.Similarly, Akpanuko and Ayandele (2012) argues that gov ernment is not transparent in its drive to transform the economy and suggested reduction in the make up of governance, rehabilitating the refineries as a measure to drive the economy.In global perspective, the theoretical argument behind the large scale deregulation reforms initiated in the late 1970s is two-fold. On one hand, deregulation reduces the rents that regulation creates for workers, incumbent producers, and service providers. This view has gained a widespread popularity among academics and policy makers ever since the works by Stigler (1971) Posner (1975) and Peltzman (1976) contributed to the understanding of the political economy of regulation. On the other hand, deregulation allows the newly created competition on product, labour and capital markets to determine the winner of rent transfers. Thus, by spurring productivity and efficiency gains Winston, (1993), economic deregulation ultimately contributes to the overall increase in economic growth.The additional growth is brought primarily through increased employment and real wages Blanchard Giavazzi (2003), which impacts both production and consumption and through increased investment Alesina, Ardagna, Nicoletti, Schiantarelli (2005), this affects the capital stock in the economy. However, a need for caution is required on the recent take on the efficiency gains from deregulation in the developing world. The key argument in this new area of literature is that deregulation reforms figure out diverse economies differently, depending on their position on the engine room level and on their quality of institutions. For congresswoman, Acemoglu, Aghion and Zilibotti (2006) claim that certain restrictions on competition may benefit the technologically backward countries, while Estache and Wren-Lewis (2009) finds that ideal regulatory policies in developed and in developing countries are different because of differences in the overall institutional quality in those countries.In addition, Aghion, Ale sina and Trebbi (2007) use industry level data to demonstrate that within each economy, institutional reforms influence different industries differently, and more specifically, industries c omitr to the technology border would be affected more by deregulation and would innovate more than the backward industries in order to prevent entry. As a result, countries closer to the technology frontier would benefit more from deregulation. The alleged benefits of economic deregulation in many industries prompted a debate on the growth effects from specific types of reforms on petroleum product downstream deregulation.2.1 THEORIES OF DEREGULATIONDeregulation can be looked from the angle of different theories, we have the public interest theory which presume that deregulation would occur if the market deficiency which compelled regulation in the first place were to disappear. An illustration is a change in technology which could eliminate a graphic monopoly. The public interest theory also p redicts that deregulation would occur if discovered that a regulatory regime which had been perceived to be in the public interest was defective. It may turn out that, in the light of experience, the cost of the regulatory apparatus is or has become greater than the loss resulting from the market imperfection it was intentional to correct Posner (1974). Thus, it may become obvious only with experience that entry restrictions is a relatively costly way to enforce standards. From Stigler Peltzman came the version of the special interest theory which suggests that a number of factors which may give rise to deregulation.First, a reduction in the cost consumers must incur in order to inform themselves regarding the effect of regulation on them. For example, price comparisons between regulated and non-regulated controls can assist consumers in estimating the effect of regulation on the prices they pay. Secondly, as product substitutes increases between regulated and non-regulated product s, this would reduce profits and hence the urge to lobby for regulation induced price increases. Substitution may also occur between regulated and unregulated industries or between regulated and unregulated controls. Thirdly, a change in industry structure can reduce either the incentive or the ability to lobby for regulation.Also, an increase in the number of firms in an industry or a merging of their respective interests may increase the incentive to free ride and make it more costly to organize support for politicians promising regulatory benefits Stigler (1974). Noll and Owen (1983) argue that, over time, the beneficiaries of regulation will grow while groups that lose will contract. In view of the interest group structure, alternative for substitutes and information, McCormick et al. (1984) offer two reasons why the incentive to regulate is greater than the incentive to deregulate. The first is that the cost of seeking regulation may be as much as the present value of the antic ipated wealth transfer involved, and if this cost is sunk it is not recoverable in the event of deregulation.The question is does Nigeria have a theory of deregulation? although the public and special interest theories of deregulation had slightly been criticized for the vagueness regarding transactions in policy frameworks and political markets. In the case of Nigeria the evidence on deregulation supports both the public and special interest theories. The two of them are in the same range, deregulation is used by government to effect wealth transfers through privatization. These transfers may benefit the highly concentrated special interest groups, such as petroleum product marketers and politicians. They may also benefit larger groups, like the deregulation of telecom industry. For the public interest group, government most times come up with reforms and policy frame work aimed at benefiting the masses, but often hijacked by the cabals who may want to exploit government programme to their own benefit. An example is the issue of oil subsidy which the original government intention was for public interest, but was later hijacked by special interest groups or cabals.2.2 COUNTRY EXPERIENCES ON DEREGULATION2.2.1 ARGENTINAThe Menem administration introduced deregulation in genus Argentina. The country underwent heavy economic deregulation, privatization and had a fixed exchange rate between (1989-1999). The resulting effects of Argentina deregulation exercise lead to the comparing of Enron with Argentina by Krugman (2001), asserting that they were both experiencing economic collapse due to excessive deregulation. However the claim by Krugman was termed as confusing correlation with causation, as neither the collapse was due to excessive deregulation Herbert (2002). He argued that if deregulation of the Argentine economy produced prosperity for years, how could it generate collapse within a few months? The answer is not deregulation but excessive loans.2.2.2 AUSTRAL IADeregulation in Australia commenced with the Minimum Effective Regulation in 1986 following the announcement by the Labour Prime Minister Bob Hawke of a wide range of deregulatory policies. The introduction of the policy, which is now a familiar requirements for regulatory impact statements, took many years for governmental agencies to comply with. Although wider competition policy reforms had commenced, during the 1980s trade policy reform which substantially increased competition in the domestic economy Smith (2001). In this regard the level of assistance to manufacturing sector was reduced from 25 percent to 15 percent of the value of manufacturing fruit between 1981-82 and 1991-92. They was reductions in import barriers, which off course exposed many industries to the rigours of international competition, providing increased incentives to improve product quality, costs and innovation.2.2.3 CANADAThe deregulation of natural gas in Canada took place in the mid 1980s, with excep tion of Atlantic provinces, Vancouver Island and Medicine Hat, the whole of the country natural gas was deregulated. A price comparison service is operating in some of these jurisdictions, particularly Ontario, Alberta and BC. The other provinces are small markets and have not attracted suppliers. Customers have the choice of purchasing from a local distribution company (LDC) or a deregulated supplier. In most provinces the LDC is not allowed to offer a term contract, just a variable price based on the spot market. LDC prices are changed either monthly or quarterly.2.2.4 UNITED KINGDOMThe conservative government of Margaret Thatcher started a program of deregulation and privatization in 1979, where the conservative government criticised many public enterprises, including CEGB, for being too inflexible, bureaucratic and out of political control. As a remedy the government suggested deregulation and privatisation Foster (1993) innovativebery and Green (1996). In response, the policy framework was enacted which included the express coach Transport Act 1980, British Telecom 1984, privatization of London Bus work 1984, local bus services Transport Acts 1985 and the railways 1993. The common feature of all the privatisations was the offering of the shares to the general public. In support of the policy since 1997 the Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown developed a programme of bettor deregulation. This included a general programme for government departments to review, simplify or abolish their existing regulations, and introduced approach to new regulations.2.2.5 NEW ZEALANDThe New Zealand governments adopted policies of coarse deregulation from 1984 to 1995. Originally initiated by the Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand Dalziel (2010). The goal of the policy was liberalising the economy and had a comprehensive coverage and innovations. The major specific polices included establishing an independent reserve bank floating the exchange rate pub lic sector finance reform based on accrual accounting system performance contracts for senior civil servants tax neutrality subsidy-free agriculture and industry neutral competition regulation. The introduction led to Economic growth in 1991. New Zealand was changed from a somewhat closed and centrally controlled economy to one of the most open economies in the OECD Evans, Grimes, Wilkinson (1996).2.2.6 UNITED STATESMany industries in the United States became regulated by the federal government in the late 19th and early 20th century. Entry to some markets was restricted to stimulate and protect the initial investment of private companies into infrastructure to provide public services, such as water, electric and communications utilities. However in the 1970s among the problems that encouraged deregulation was the way in which the regulated industries often controlled the government regulatory agencies, using them to serve the industries interests. In the energy industry the Emerge ncy Petroleum Act was a regulating law, consisting of a prance of regulations and deregulation, which passed in response to OPEC price hikes and domestic price controls which effected the 1973 oil crisis in the United States. After adoption of this federal rule, numerous state legislation known as Natural Gas Choice programs have sprung up in several states which allow residential and small volume natural gas users to comparison purchase from natural gas suppliers, aside with traditional utility companies.2.3 CONCEPT OF DEREGULATIONDeregulation refers to a situation whereby they is a restrictive use of the states legal power to direct the conduct of private actors Stigler (1971). Deregulation programme is focused primarily on the withdrawal of economic interest of government apparatus. It is also the reduction of government regulation of business, consumers and market activity Economic glossary (2013). Similarly deregulation according to Webster dictionary is the act or process of removing state deregulations, it is the opposite of regulation which implies the process of government regulating certain activities. In the perspective of Kimberly (2013) deregulation is when the government seeks to allow more competition in an industry that allows near-monopolies. From the view of Ernest and Young (1988) deregulation and privatization are elements of economic reform programmes charge with the goal of improving the overall economy in a structured process.Essentially in an economic perspective deregulation implies freedom from government control Innocent and Charles (2011), while Akinwumi et al (2005) asserts that deregulation is the removal of government interference in running a system. By implication, the normal regulatory rules and enforcement in managing the operation of a system is replaced with market force of demand and supply to be a determinant of price Ajayi and Ekundayo (2008). In the opinion of Wolak (2005) he sees deregulation as the removal of contro l by government on natural monopolies in order to exercise market power. Where for example in US regulation generally held natural monopolies to a specified rate of return basis for pricing products Rothwell and Gomez (2003). Deregulation introduced free market principles and competition into these natural monopolies Hirsch (1999) Kahn (2004) Novarro and Shames (2003) Rassenti, Smith and Wilson (2002) and created the frame breaking changes.The deregulation of downstream oil and gas industry is the loosening of government control over the industry. It is a way of breaking the monopoly in NNPC in order to pave way for healthy competition. This implies the introduction of free market system, where the forces of demand and supply are allowed to determine the market price of products PPPRA (2004). This formula is in contrast to the regulated regime, where government acting on existing laws controls and determine retail and in large quantities prices of petroleum products. A regulated re gime is characterised by low level of competition and investment leading to distortions in product supply and distribution, scarcity resulting to long queues, hording, smuggling and other bottlenecks such as monopolistic practices, existence of subsidy and poor maintenance of infrastructural facilities Funsho (2004). The structural framework of deregulation involves the following phases (1) Liberalisation (2) Privatization and commercialization.2.3.1 restLiberalization refers to a relaxation of the government previous restrictions, usually in areas of social or economic policy, in most context the process or concept is often, but not always referred to as deregulation Sullivan, Arthur, Sheffrin and Steven (2002). It is also the involvement of many participants in the downstream petroleum industry PPPRA (2004). Liberalization involves removing monopoly, promoting high competitive culture in the industry, product availability, ensuring fair pricing for consumer, reviving and ensuring the efficiency of the refineries Oluwole (2004). Liberalization also ensures the removal of oil subsidy, which robs the poor to pay the rich PPPRA (2004). Liberalization is aimed to generate add

Essay on the Character of Katharina in Taming of the Shrew

The Character of Katharina in The Taming of the Shrew Michael W. Shurgot has written that The Taming of the Shrew may never be as intellectually stimulating as reading, say, The Merchant of Venice or Hamlet or The Winters Tale and that the characters that seem one-dimensional on the page can only become raise on the stage (328). Shurgot would seem to imply that Shakespeare did not fully develop his characters, and that the play is only entertaining after a conductor has taken fanciful license with the stage directions. A close reading of the play itself will show it to be interesting enough indeed, for it reveals clues to the motivation of both Katharinas shrewishness and later submissiveness, and the modality in which her character is to be portrayed and viewed. Agnes Mure Mackenzie would have audiences believe that Katharinas revolt is temperamental apparently at least we are given no tenableness for it in its beginnings, (24). Baptista says that his daughters will have a good bringing up, (1.1.99), implying that he has always tried to raise the girls right. Katharina, he would have us believe, has turned erupt shrewish despite his best intentions. He also says that he intends to school his daughters. This does not necessarily mean that Katharina is intelligent, but she has probably been encouraged to think. Like it or not, Baptista has reared an independently thinking female. An audience might assume that Katharina has always been shrewish her reputation seems to have already been established, as is evidenced by Hortensio and Gremios heckling in the first scene (1.1.55-61). This does not mean she is a shrew by nature, only that she had been exhibiting this behavior f... ...hout his even knowing it. So we see that Katharina is indeed a very complex and interesting character. Generations of readers and performers have misunderstood her character, and probably misrepresented her. Tucking Katharina into the crazy shrew package may be very conve nient for the director looking for an easy production, but it is probably incorrect. In fact, no production that produces the play as a straightforward farce does the character of Katharina any justice. whole kit and boodle Cited MacKenzie, Agnes Mure. The Women in Shakespeares Plays. London William Heinemann Ltd., 1924. Ring. Was shrewish Shakespeare a feminist bard? from http//web.uvic.ca/ucom/Ring/99feb19/bard.htm Shurgot, Michael W. From Fiction to Reality Character and Stagecraft in The taming of the shrew. Theatre Journal, October 1981, 327-340.